How can we tell the difference between these compounds?

According to me, first u take a powder in a test tube and start adding the liquids in it one by one. if in any case u observe brisk effervescence (due to evolution of CO2) then it is certainly CaCO3. also note the liquid for which the powder showed brisk effervescence. it would be HCl. for the other powder (which does not show brisk effervescence with any liquid) it would be sodium. once you have known sodium, calcium carbonate and HCl, u are left with only calcium hydroxide and ethanoic acid to distinguish between. now mix HCl with either of them one by one. in the case when u get a white precipitate, that would be Ca(OH)2 and the other would be ethanoic acid.